Organizational Structure CJ409 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational Structure CJ409 - Essay Example According to Moore and Trojanowicz (1998), â€Å"it is only when fear is unreasonable,or generates counterproductive responses, that it becomes a social problem† (pp. 1-2). Concurrently, the authors disclosed that through police strategies for reducing fear, subsequent repercussions actually lead, not only to a reduction in crime but in improving quality of life issues. 3. What are some possible causes of fear of crime at the Center? The possible causes of fear of crime at the Center are news reports of criminal activities and rumors or â€Å"second-hand information about criminal victimization† (Moore & Trojanowicz, 1998, p. 3), particularly about car thefts in parking lots. 4. What is missing in the current community-police relationship between the Greenfield Police department and the senior citizens? What is apparently missing in the current community-police relationship between the GPD and the senior citizens is direct contact and coordination with the senior citizens at the center. This means that police officers should not be only seen to regularly patrol in the area, but they should go to the center, communicate with the senior citizens regarding their alleged fears, and assure them that crime incidence is significantly low and that their neighborhood is actually safe. 5. Suggest a community policing strategy to reduce the fear of crime at the Senior Citizens’ Center. As the evening shift supervisor, one of the community policing strategies that could potentially assist in reducing fear of crime at the Senior Citizens’ Center is to regularly be on foot patrol at the park during evenings, after communicating with them directly at the center. Also, they should put signs to discourage teen-aged kids to skateboard along the pathway to the park and ask community leaders to provide another space for skateboarding. As confirmed in a study written by Antony Pate, et al. (n.d.), â€Å"programs ‘designed to increase the quantity

Power And Powerlessness Essay Example for Free

Power And Powerlessness Essay When I hear the word power many thoughts come to mind, but I feel power has many different forms. We could assume that power means more money, a bigger title, a corner office, a more generous budget, or â€Å"a seat at the table†. But that may not be true for everyone. For some, power may mean having the ability to control one’s career destiny in keeping with personal values and interests. Or power could mean having the opportunity to be creative as a project lead without too much interference from others. Or power could mean making decisions with trust and autonomy, such that no one can easily override your decisions. To me, power is control and the capacity to bring about change. For example, the United States government, they control everything and also other countries. Our government has the power to create and print money, regulate interstate and international trade, make treaties and conduct foreign policies, declare war, provide an army and navy, establish post offices, and make laws necessary to carry out these powers. In addition to their elusive powers, both the national government and state governments share the power of being able to; collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, establish court’s, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, spend money for general welfare, and take private property for public purposes. Power is also acquired through possession or acquisition of the following resources: authority, money, status, knowledge, professional degrees, goods, services, votes, public support, information, ability to influence the media, and relationships with powerful people. Power can be derived from one’s authority to make decisions in organization s or by virtue of one’s gender, ethnicity, social class, or personal attributes, such as appearance and charisma. People often acquire power by establishing alliances and coalitions with others to support or oppose various policies or decision-making options. Workers in social service organizations also acquire power because they often decide whether individual clients receive services, resources, or referrals. But how would it feel to not have power, a sensation of being out of control with no apparent solution to help you to regain control, powerlessness. When the lack of capability to affect the realities of life that you can’t control such as; how others act towards you, if you will get a job you want, what the weather will be like, or if an accident will occur. Powerlessness can be simply defined as the absences of power resources. However, the â€Å"Mother of empowerment practice, Barbara Solomon (1976), defines powerlessness as a product of the interaction between individuals and the social structures that limit life opportunities for them: Powerlessness is defined here as the inability to manage emotions, skills, knowledge, and/or material resources in a way that effective performance of valued social roles will lead to pe rsonal gratification. The power deficiency so often seen among minority individuals and communities stems from a complex and dynamic interrelationship between the person and his relatively hostile social environment. When you feel powerless, you feel afraid to express your needs because you fear that what little you have will be taken from you. You may have learned powerlessness if you were kept in powerless positions repeatedly and/or over long periods of time, possibly during childhood, by those who used external forces (money, physical strength, legal status, and/or military force) to control you. You may have been abused as a child, a partner or spouse, an employee, a soldier, or you may have been the victim of racial or ethnic attacks. Such prolonged abuse can cause you to become afraid to feel even your own needs, to admit to yourself that you need something, you become immobilized and in certain critical ways you stop growing, you cease to thrive. When powerlessness is learned, it becomes self-perpetuating, even if the external forces are no longer there. An abused child may grow up to feel permanently powerless as an adult, even though his or her parents no longer have physical or economic power over him or her. One may then enter into a situation that repeats childhood experiences such as; living with or marrying an abusive partner, and therefore keeping oneself in externally imposed danger. Or one may keep oneself down through self-abuse, compulsive behaviors, and depression because the powerlessness has become internalized. The first step to overcoming learned powerlessness is to learn to feel entitled to your personal rights. You have the right to live a life free from physical, emotional, sexual, and financial mistreatment. You have the right to be treated with respect, to earn a livable income, to be informed of matters that affect you, and to express yourself freely, without harming others. Most importantly, you have the right to ask for what you need, even though you may be turned down, and to fight for what you need and want, even if you are turned down. Most people who have learned powerlessness barely feel entitled to speak, let alone to speak freely. Often professional therapy is necessary to overcome the ingrained patterns. Never the less, to overcome learned powerlessness, you must gradually, but persistently lay claim to each and every human right, one after the other. The purpose of the empowerment approach is to help people overcome feelings powerlessness by acquiring power. Mondros and Wilson (1994) differentiate power from â€Å"empowerment† by arguing that this second concept is actually a psychological state that â€Å"allows one to pursue concrete activities aimed at becoming powerful.† The literature on empowerment in organizations focuses on two distinct categories of organizations actors: program beneficiaries and staff members. Rapp, She ra, and Kisthardt (1993) define empowerment in individual clients as; confidence, control, decision authority, influence, autonomy, and self-trust.† According to Shera and Page (1995), empowerment of employees in organizations can be defined as, â€Å"a process of enhancing self-efficacy among organizational members through the identification of conditions that foster powerlessness and through their removal by both formal organizational practices and informal techniques that provide efficacy information.† Empowerment in the social services can take place within the context of relationships between workers and clients, within the organization’s formal decision-making structure, and within the contact between the organization and institutions or groups in its external environment. It should be noted that empowerment in organizations involves the redistribution of resources such as decision-making authority or goods and services. Therefore, in addition to producing specific outcomes, empowerment is a political process. Staff members may feel they will lose power and authority to make service decisions if clients are treated as equal partners in the decision-making process. Because one of the primary assumptions of empowerment in direct social work practice is to reduce feelings of powerlessness by increasing personal self-perceptions of one’s own power, the model focuses on facilitating the acquisition of leadership skills and actual political power among agency clientele. Staff members also acquire power through participation in organizational decision-making and by advocating for improvements in organizational policies and services. The organization gains political power as constituents become empowered to advocate for changes in government policies and campaign for meaningful social change. In conclusion, power, powerlessness, and empowerment all have a different meaning and serve a different purpose but each one has a powerful meaning in its own way.

India Risk Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Global investors, markets, and foreign governments are often held responsible by their citizens or shareholders to ensure the potential is measured against the risks when investing. In recent years the strength of India on the global market has continued to show signs of political and economical growth that makes regions in India attractive investments by various markets. India has taken steps to recognize these opportunities to gain Foreign Direct Investment by realigning government policy towards new business potential. Such potential is often marked by â€Å"it’s too good to be true† as global investors determine the risk through in depth analysis of regions around the world and much like team A has outlined for Kerala, India. Foreign Trade and Investment Investment in India has increased significantly since the 2001 Indian Government’s approval of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reform. In mid-year meetings of 2001, the Government liberalized the restrictions on FDI into India in select industries. The infrastructure of the Indian Government is increasingly interested and actively pursuing FDI from countries such as the United States. India is currently offering automatic business approvals for new businesses that have an initial investment of 100% foreign capital in industries that are considered tourism based. (Indian Embassy, 2001) According to the 2001 guidelines issued under section 4 (iv.), Businesses that are considered to be â€Å"commercial premises, hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which qualify for up to100% FDI. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to India amounting to US$4.06 billion were received during the financial year 2001-2002, with $2.46 billion (USD) received from the U.S. just in 2000-01 alone. This marked a 66% increase from the previous year. According to FDI Magazine, India was the number 3 recipient of FDI from January of 2002 to June of 2004. India had a total of 41 Foreign Direct Investment projects, beaten only by the United Kingdom with 53 and China with 54. FDI Magazine shares this observation: â€Å"Noticeable among the results for the second quarter is the rise of China to become the number one destination for foreign investment by number of projects. However, perhaps more significant is the increase in the number of projects heading for India, up over 77% year on year while the jobs creat... ...he World Wide Web at the University of Phoenix Library February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://80-online.culturegrams.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/secure/world/world_country.php?contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=75&cn=India No author. N.D. Retrieved from the World Wide Web February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.country-studies.com/india/labor.html Singh, G. (2005, February 26). India has just 4% share of Asia media spend. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [ProQuest]. Pg.1. University of Phoenix Online Collection. Available: http://proquest.umi.com: (2005, March 1). The Economist. Retrieved on February 27, 2005 from: http://www.economist.com/countries/India/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political%20Forces The Economy Watch website provides current economical and financial news for most foreign entities at http://www.economywatch.com/ The International Trade Reporter website provides trade laws and regulations for most foreign entities at http://www.bna.com/itr/index.html U.S. Department of State; Kerala-Republic of India; United States Department of State, Public Domain; Accessed 18Feb2005 at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/3797.htm India Risk Analysis Essay -- essays research papers Global investors, markets, and foreign governments are often held responsible by their citizens or shareholders to ensure the potential is measured against the risks when investing. In recent years the strength of India on the global market has continued to show signs of political and economical growth that makes regions in India attractive investments by various markets. India has taken steps to recognize these opportunities to gain Foreign Direct Investment by realigning government policy towards new business potential. Such potential is often marked by â€Å"it’s too good to be true† as global investors determine the risk through in depth analysis of regions around the world and much like team A has outlined for Kerala, India. Foreign Trade and Investment Investment in India has increased significantly since the 2001 Indian Government’s approval of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) reform. In mid-year meetings of 2001, the Government liberalized the restrictions on FDI into India in select industries. The infrastructure of the Indian Government is increasingly interested and actively pursuing FDI from countries such as the United States. India is currently offering automatic business approvals for new businesses that have an initial investment of 100% foreign capital in industries that are considered tourism based. (Indian Embassy, 2001) According to the 2001 guidelines issued under section 4 (iv.), Businesses that are considered to be â€Å"commercial premises, hotels, resorts, city and regional level urban infrastructure facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which qualify for up to100% FDI. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to India amounting to US$4.06 billion were received during the financial year 2001-2002, with $2.46 billion (USD) received from the U.S. just in 2000-01 alone. This marked a 66% increase from the previous year. According to FDI Magazine, India was the number 3 recipient of FDI from January of 2002 to June of 2004. India had a total of 41 Foreign Direct Investment projects, beaten only by the United Kingdom with 53 and China with 54. FDI Magazine shares this observation: â€Å"Noticeable among the results for the second quarter is the rise of China to become the number one destination for foreign investment by number of projects. However, perhaps more significant is the increase in the number of projects heading for India, up over 77% year on year while the jobs creat... ...he World Wide Web at the University of Phoenix Library February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://80-online.culturegrams.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/secure/world/world_country.php?contid=3&wmn=Asia&cid=75&cn=India No author. N.D. Retrieved from the World Wide Web February 28, 2005:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.country-studies.com/india/labor.html Singh, G. (2005, February 26). India has just 4% share of Asia media spend. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News [ProQuest]. Pg.1. University of Phoenix Online Collection. Available: http://proquest.umi.com: (2005, March 1). The Economist. Retrieved on February 27, 2005 from: http://www.economist.com/countries/India/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political%20Forces The Economy Watch website provides current economical and financial news for most foreign entities at http://www.economywatch.com/ The International Trade Reporter website provides trade laws and regulations for most foreign entities at http://www.bna.com/itr/index.html U.S. Department of State; Kerala-Republic of India; United States Department of State, Public Domain; Accessed 18Feb2005 at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/3797.htm

How does Fitzgerald’s variety of language techniques illustrate his views on the lifestyle of the era, here and in the novel as a whole

With reference to at least two passages, show how Fitzgerald's variety of language techniques illustrate his views on the lifestyle of the era, here and in the novel as a whole. Fitzgerald uses many different literary techniques to portray his opinion of the lifestyle during the 1920's. The use of Nick Carraway as narrator continually exposes the readers to both the positives, and negatives of this era. Throughout â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Fitzgerald explores key issues of â€Å"The jazz age†. The role of women and the hierarchy of society are two of the main issues which Fitzgerald explores. Throughout passage one there is a big divide of social status and it is clear that the differences within the class hierarchy are profound: â€Å"He's so dumb he doesn't know he's alive.† Fitzgerald uses the brutal character of Tom Buchanan to portray the divide and disapproval of working class citizens like Wilson. The use of strong adjectives portrays the maltreatment of the working class. In passage two Fitzgerald presents the opposite end of the hierarchy to the readers. The readers are therefore exposed to a world of wealth: â€Å"†¦superior couples holding each other tortuously, fashionably, and keeping to the corners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The continued use of adjectives by Fitzgerald this time creates a different image. He creates a disjointed atmosphere which is contrasted by wealth. The negative imagery that is created challenges the idea of The American Dream and the fallible belief of characters like Wilson that success and therefore wealth is essential. This contrasts the first passage where Fitzgerald portrays the negatives of poverty. Fitzgerald suggests that there was no equilibrium of success and wealth in that society. However, Fitzgerald was in fact part of the higher social class who contributed to these parties. Infidelity is a key issue that Fitzgerald exposes in this novel and this is especially true for passage one: â€Å"She smiled slowly and, walking through her husband as if he were a ghost, shook hands with Tom, looking him flush in the eye.† Fitzgerald uses his narrator Nick to observe the desperate actions of a typical working class woman of the 1920's. Fitzgerald's provocative language, â€Å"looking him flush in the eye,† portrays Myrtle's obsessive pursuit of wealth and supposed happiness. The idea of The American Dream is once again divulged, as Myrtle's quest for wealth sacrifices her marriage. The comparison of Wilson to a ghost is important because it shows that Fitzgerald disapproves of Myrtle's actions and is trying to portray her callous behaviour. The technique of formal, introductory action, â€Å"shook hands with Tom† is used by Fitzgerald in contrast to the deeper more intimate relationship beneath the superficial appearance. This represents Fitzgerald and his sympathy in this instance for the poor, hardworking citizens; even though he was himself part of this wealthy lifestyle. In passage two no direct infidelity is explored by Fitzgerald; however the idea of frivolity amongst couples is: â€Å"There was dancing now on the canvas in the garden; old men pushing young girls backward in eternal graceless circles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fitzgerald's use of â€Å"pushing† and â€Å"graceless† suggests that there is no connection or intensity in relationships. Similarly to the worthless marriage of Wilson and Myrtle, these couples are awkward and without attachment. The role of women is a major flaw of society within this time period. Fitzgerald suggests mistreatment in his description of, â€Å"†¦old men pushing young girls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He emphasises the lack of connection amongst couples and presence of control over women. He disapproves of the treatment of women; however he does not defend the women or even approve of their actions, â€Å"single girls dancing individualistically†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His language is sarcastic and mocking towards the drunken women at Gatsby's party. Both sides of Fitzgerald's arguments are made more significant by the location, representing the treatment in public situations. Fitzgerald is portraying the lack of reaction amongst citizens of the 1920's. Similarly to when Tom broke Daisy's nose. Although the action was recognised by Nick it was not dwelled upon. This domination is re-emphasised later in the novel at another public party location: â€Å"Whenever he sees I'm having a good time he wants to go home.† Fitzgerald repeatedly features dominating, bullying husbands who control their wives and restrict their lives. However, some would argue that the control is to stop inappropriate behaviour of the typically drunk women of the era. This control over women is paralleled in passage one by the dominating male character of Tom: â€Å"I want to see you†¦Get on the next train.† Fitzgerald uses Tom's brutal nature and blunt direct speech to portray the worthlessness of women. Fitzgerald's language is domineering and controlling, which suggests that he has unfaithful motives for his arrangements with â€Å"his girl†. Fitzgerald portrays an entirely different character to the readers after Myrtle's death: â€Å"Tom drove slowly†¦In a little while I heard a low husky sob, and saw that the tears were overflowing down his face.† Fitzgerald show's the readers that this lifestyle can be fragile and vulnerable at times. The readers see a new side of Tom and it proves that although he was a domineering character he did have true feelings for Myrtle. Fitzgerald still represents the era by using bold and masculine adjectives, â€Å"†¦low husky sob†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This description of Tom portrays the idea that people could not show fragility without trying to be superficially strong. The male domination of characters like Tom is similar to the behaviour of Mink in â€Å"Postcards† by Annie Proulx. Mink is a very possessive and restricting character, he controls his wife Jewell: â€Å"†¦Mink wouldn't hear of it. Had a fit every time I wanted to go somewhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This possession is very similar to Tom and his control that he needs over Daisy. However there is a difference, Mink and Jewell are very poor farmers which are directly contrasted by the wealth of Tom and Daisy. The American Dream that so many people went in search of, hoping that money meant happiness, is proved false. Two completely different male characters from different wealth background are still dominating and controlling. Therefore, American Dream seekers like Wilson, Myrtle, The Joad family from â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath†, Lenny and George from â€Å"Of mice and Men† are blinded by a dream. Excess is an issue of the 1920's among successful wealthy people similar to those of Gatsby, Daisy and Tom. Fitzgerald displays initial disapproval of this gluttony: â€Å"†¦Champagne was served in glasses bigger than finger-bowls.† The use of an upper class comparison makes this sentence more powerful. Fitzgerald compares excess with more flamboyant objects. This is effective in the portrayal of the lavishness of parties. However, his possible disapproval is soon altered by the effects of alcohol and the narrator is soon engulfed in a wealthy society: â€Å"I had taken two finger-bowls of champagne, and the scene has changed before my eyes into something significant, elemental, and profound.† Fitzgerald condemns the consumption of alcohol and displays its dangers perfectly through the transformation of his narrator and his observations. He suggests that society's vision is clouded by alcohol and excessiveness rendering it impossible to possess educated and sensible opinions of the extravagant lifestyle. The excess of a public environment is directly contrasted with the poverty of a private location in passage one: â€Å"†¦a grey, scrawny Italian child was setting torpedoes in a row along the railroad track.† This observation made by Tom is purposefully displaying Fitzgerald's disapproval of the excess of the Buchanon's lifestyle. He shows readers that poverty was ignored by the upper class. Instead of helping the area characters similar to Tom want to ignore them and return to their luxurious lifestyles. The private location is essential in the portrayal of the ignorance to poverty and the lack of connection with menial workers like Wilson. The entire novel displays one of the biggest flaws of 1920's society, superficiality. Passage two contains the superficiality of parties and public events: â€Å"†¦Vacuous bursts of laughter rose toward the summer sky.† Fitzgerald uses a powerful adjective to describe the laughter as being fake. Imagery is created of clouds floating into the sky; this is created by Fitzgerald to display the superficial atmosphere. Everyone at the party is contributing to the hollow laughter and taking advantage of Gatsby and his hospitality. Fitzgerald is showing the readers a lack of genuine care or enjoyment, it is a superficial persona. Fitzgerald continues to show the readers that superficiality is present in private scenes like passage one: â€Å"Get some chairs†¦his wife moved close to Tom.† Fitzgerald portrays how a relationship can be superficial. Myrtle's order is brazen in order to spend time with Tom. He shows the readers that people of this era were superficial, for public show and private gain. This is similar behaviour to that of Daisy later on in the novel: â€Å"Make us a cold drink†¦As he left the room again she got up and went over to Gatsby and pulled his face down, kissing him in the mouth.† This behaviour is paralleled to Myrtle's; they are both very cold and daring in these cases. Fitzgerald believes this is wrong and he displays this by the quick pace of the sentence, it shows a rush to end the action. The behaviour is similar to that of Tom and his affair with Myrtle, which shows a strength emerging for women. Daisy is now entering into an affair just as Tom is. Fitzgerald represents a clear disapproval of the unfaithful nature of society. I think Fitzgerald uses lots of literary techniques to cover all the key issues of the 1920's. He successfully describes situations vividly and encourages the reader using Nick as narrator. The readers are encouraged to believe that the â€Å"Jazz age† was excessive, superficial, wealth obsessed and unfaithful. However, as Fitzgerald shows using Nick, it was a very attractive era which captured people and engulfed them in money.

Virginia vs. Massachusetts

Shayma Hammad History 1301, Monday Wednesday 11:00-12:20 Dr. Snaples December 3rd, 2012 Debate Paper This essay explains and shows the differences between the Virginia colony and the Massachusetts colony. People all over Europe started coming down to the â€Å"new world† (America), they came to the new world for many reasons such as land, food, religion and much more. Before I start to contrast between the 2 colonies I’m going to give a general background on them. Massachusetts was established in 1620 and Virginia was established in 1607.Virginia’s colony was Jamestown and Massachusetts was Salem and Boston. Virginia was located in the southern colony, it also offered land. Tobacco was a profitable crop, so John Rolfe took seeds and planted them in Virginia; because of this Virginia became an economic purpose. Virginia settled by men so Virginia dies out and this caused women to immigrate. Virginia was not a religious country and people ran away from Virginia bec ause they were in debt and did not want to be a servant. The society in Virginia compared to Massachusetts are very different.Virginia economics were based on a cash crop industry. The London Company bought Virginia they believed that there were metals in America so they sent a group of settlers to Jamestown. In 1619 the House of Burgesses was formed, which made Virginia a strong democracy. Jamestown became the first English colony. Later on the colony began to collapse due to disease and starvation but they expanded their colony with the arrival of tobacco, slaves and servants. Massachusetts established religious purpose: Puritans and separatists.Since the puritans were really religious people in Massachusetts had to attend church, and some of the people were tied to a religion that they may not agree with. It is based on the Puritan worship and religion Satan and the Catholic Church was the worst for puritans. The Puritans established Harvard University they loved education. Relig ion was much less significant in Virginia unlike in Massachusetts. The puritans believed that science is religion because it explains God. They also believed that God does not like poor people and they did not like handicapped people.Massachusetts also brings family; unlike Virginia who brought only men at first. Massachusetts also didn’t spread out like Virginia did. Massachusetts was a self governing colony Virginia and Massachusetts did not provide freedom for their people. The puritans in Massachusetts expected their people to follow their beliefs and they were very strict on you, even though Virginia was not a religious colony you still did not have freedom because you were either going to be a servant or a slave. The life expectancy in Massachusetts was much better than Virginia because in Virginia a lot of people died and suffered from diseases and salvation.

How to Find Degrees of Freedom in Statistics

How to Find Degrees of Freedom in Statistics Many statistical inference problems require us to find the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom selects a single probability distribution from among infinitely many. This step is an often overlooked but crucial detail in both the calculation of ​confidence intervals and the workings of hypothesis tests. There is not a single general formula for the number of degrees of freedom. However, there are specific formulas used for each type of procedure in inferential statistics. In other words, the setting that we are working in will determine the number of degrees of freedom. What follows is a partial list of some of the most common inference procedures, along with the number of degrees of freedom that are used in each situation. Standard Normal Distribution Procedures involving standard normal distribution  are listed for completeness and to clear up some misconceptions. These procedures do not require us to find the number of degrees of freedom. The reason for this is that there is a single standard normal distribution. These types of procedures encompass those involving a population mean when the population standard deviation is already known, and also procedures concerning population proportions. One Sample T Procedures Sometimes statistical practice requires us to use Student’s t-distribution. For these procedures, such as those dealing with a population mean with unknown population standard deviation, the number of degrees of freedom is one less than the sample size. Thus if the sample size is n, then there are n - 1 degrees of freedom. T Procedures With Paired Data Many times it makes sense to treat data as paired. The pairing is carried out typically due to a connection between the first and second value in our pair. Many times we would pair before and after measurements. Our sample of paired data is not independent; however, the difference between each pair is independent. Thus if the sample has a total of n pairs of data points, (for a total of 2n values) then there are n - 1 degrees of freedom. T Procedures for Two Independent Populations For these types of problems, we are still using a t-distribution. This time there is a sample from each of our populations. Although it is preferable to have these two samples be of the same size, this is not necessary for our statistical procedures. Thus we can have two samples of size n1 and n2. There are two ways to determine the number of degrees of freedom. The more accurate method is to use Welch’s formula, a computationally cumbersome formula involving the sample sizes and sample standard deviations. Another approach, referred to as the conservative approximation, can be used to quickly estimate the degrees of freedom. This is simply the smaller of the two numbers n1 - 1 and n2 - 1. Chi-Squarefor Independence One use of the chi-square test is to see if two categorical variables, each with several levels, exhibit independence. The information about these variables is logged in a two-way table with r rows and c columns. The number of degrees of freedom is the product (r - 1)(c - 1). Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Chi-square goodness of fit  starts with a single categorical variable with a total of n levels. We test the hypothesis that this variable matches a predetermined model. The number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of levels. In other words, there are n - 1 degrees of freedom. One FactorANOVA One factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) allows us to make comparisons between several groups, eliminating the need for multiple pairwise hypothesis tests. Since the test requires us to measure both the variation between several groups as well as the variation within each group, we end up with two degrees of freedom. The F-statistic, which is used for one factor ANOVA, is a fraction. The numerator and denominator each have degrees of freedom. Let c be the number of groups and n is the total number of data values. The number of degrees of freedom for the numerator is one less than the number of groups, or c - 1. The number of degrees of freedom for the denominator is the total number of data values, minus the number of groups, or n - c. It is clear to see that we must be very careful to know which inference procedure we are working with. This knowledge will inform us of the correct number of degrees of freedom to use.

Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Essay Example

Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Essay Example Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Paper Catcher in the Rye Manifesto Paper Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye In The Rye is my favorite book. I have read It more than any other work of literature, and Im a literature major. I have read classic upon classic, but no other work has captured me the way Catcher has managed to. In the light of J. D. Challengers death many of my friends have, upon my recommendation, endeavored to read the famous work. To my dismay, most have returned with the response, I dont get it, or I cant say I liked it, and perhaps I should have given them forewarning. Catcher is not in any way a feel good book. The result after reading it is not a sense of satisfaction. In fact, it leaves the reader feeling somewhat the same way the main character, Holder, ends up, which Is a bit broken and confused, unsure of the future and what to make of It all. In the end Holder Is in a Psychiatric facility where a psychoanalyst asks him if Hess going to apply himself when he goes back to school. Holders response is, Its such a stupid question, in my opinion. I mean how do you know what youre going to do until you do it This single line sums up the entire feel of the book. Holder doesnt know what he will do, what he wants to do, he is perpetually at a loss to his place In the world. The story does not follow the traditional fiction arch either. This arch seeks to move a character or situation from one state to another to effect change, basically where the story builds to a dramatic high note and resolves in a nice tidy bow. Actually, the story is remarkably one note. It is not really a story in any The Art of Fiction sort of way it is what I would call simply A moment. It is a tale of a sixteen-year-old boy, who despite his status being white, male, strait, sophisticated, and rich, does not fit into the asses world around him. From the very beginning Holder Is cast as the wanderer, the loner, an Isolated Individual. He has been kicked out of yet another school, and does not yet belong at home. The setting of the story Is what happens when a young boy is cast off into the world and left to his own devices with no responsibility and no attachments. Holders character is complex, and the reader develops a sort of love hate relationship with him. On one hand he lies, uses foul language, gets poor grades, is sometimes irrational, and on the other hand he is sensitive, smart, cares for others, respects women, and seeks to preserve innocence. While some may call him an unreliable narrator, one cannot help but share In his particular view of the world. When reading catcher you feel as If youre In on the real story. Its a unique relationship the reader has with Holder. Its as if you are getting to read his Journal. He shares everything, not Just telling you what he does, but what he really thinks. He tells you all the stuff nobody ever says out loud. He tells you the truth of how he sees things, and In that there is credibility. There are other reasons the book holds appeal for me, and so many others. The spirit of the book is much the name as the American Split, young, defiant, truth loving. It Is a modern version of Tom Sawyer or Hack Finn. Holders character also appeals to people because he is able to rebel and get away with it, in a way that in reality, most of us feel we never could. Part of the appeal is the fantasy of being a rebel with out a cause. A reviewer has described the book as Emotional without being sentimental, dramatic without being melodramatic, and honest without simply being obscene. Holder Is confused about his place In the large scheme of things and continues to speak to and for those no Tell ten same way. Basically ten summary Is you nave a CIO, won Is unhappy with life and the way the world works, and he doesnt really know why, but he knows he doesnt really fit in. He doesnt really care about the things other people care about football games, school, or the future. He sees these things as trivial, but its what the world says is important. So, what do you do if youre the person who cant care about what other people tell you is important Holder lives in the moment good moments, bad moments, he Just takes them as they come. He admits that sometimes he Just goes things on impulse, and he doesnt know why he does them, other than it seemed like a good idea at the time. Part of the reason people find Holders character unappealing is that he often lies to those around him, but most often he lies to protect people, to protect the delusions they have of the world. For example, the woman on the bus Mrs.. Morrow, whose son Ernie went to school at Pence. Holder thinks her son is doubtless the biggest bastard that ever went to Pence, but he tells Mrs.. Morrow what a great guy her son is, and makes up a whole flattering tale about Ernie. Another example is with his history professor Mr.. Spencer. The whole scene is Holder sitting in Spencer home, being talked to by the professor about his poor academic performance. Holder tells the reader things like I had to sit there and listen to that crap, but tells the professor lies because he doesnt want to hurt the guys feelings. Holder does not let people completely off the hook with regards to their delusions. He Judges them for it, calls them phony. Deep down he cant believe that others are not seeing the truth. He thinks they deny it, cover it up, or are really too ignorant and stupid to see the truth. He believes the closer one gets to adult DOD the more of a phony they become. That is why he wants to be the catcher in the rye, catching all the children before they go off the cliff, or rather before they loose their innocence. I can divide the world into two groups people who get Catcher In The Rye, and people who dont. Its not necessarily a negative thing to be in the latter group. It probably means you are relatively happy, content, and feel a sense of belonging. Catcher speaks to discontent, rebellion, disillusionment. Its rawness is the rawness of one laid open without shame.

Example of Normal Approximation of a Binomial Distribution

Example of Normal Approximation of a Binomial Distribution The binomial distribution involves a discrete random variable. Probabilities in a binomial setting can be calculated in a straightforward way by using the formula for a binomial coefficient. While in theory, this is an easy calculation, in practice it can become quite tedious or even computationally impossible to calculate binomial probabilities. These issues can be sidestepped by instead using a normal distribution to approximate a binomial distribution.  We will see how to do this by going through the steps of a calculation. Steps to Using the Normal Approximation First, we must determine if it is appropriate to use the normal approximation. Not every binomial distribution is the same. Some exhibit enough skewness that we cannot use a normal approximation. To check to see if the normal approximation should be used, we need to look at the value of p, which is the probability of success, and n, which is the number of observations of our binomial variable. In order to use the normal approximation, we consider both np and n( 1 - p ). If both of these numbers are greater than or equal to 10, then we are justified in using the normal approximation. This is a general rule of thumb, and typically the larger the values of np and n( 1 - p ), the better is the approximation. Comparison Between Binomial and Normal We will compare an exact binomial probability with that obtained by a normal approximation. We consider the tossing of 20 coins and want to know the probability that five coins or less were heads. If X is the number of heads, then we want to find the value: P(X 0) P(X 1) P(X 2) P(X 3) P(X 4) P(X 5). The use of the binomial formula for each of these six probabilities shows us that the probability is 2.0695%. We will now see how close our normal approximation will be to this value. Checking the conditions, we see that both np and np(1 - p) are equal to 10. This shows that we can use the normal approximation in this case. We will utilize a normal distribution with mean of np 20(0.5) 10 and a standard deviation of (20(0.5)(0.5))0.5 2.236. To determine the probability that X is less than or equal to 5 we need to find the z-score for 5 in the normal distribution that we are using. Thus z (5 – 10)/2.236 -2.236. By consulting a table of z-scores we see that the probability that z is less than or equal to -2.236 is 1.267%. This differs from the actual probability but is within 0.8%. Continuity Correction Factor To improve our estimate, it is appropriate to introduce a continuity correction factor. This is used because a normal distribution is continuous whereas the binomial distribution is discrete. For a binomial random variable, a probability histogram for X 5 will include a bar that goes from 4.5 to 5.5 and is centered at 5. This means that for the above example, the probability that X is less than or equal to 5 for a binomial variable should be estimated by the probability that X is less than or equal to 5.5 for a continuous normal variable. Thus z (5.5 – 10)/2.236 -2.013. The probability that z

Managing Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Managing Project - Research Paper Example A project is defined as 'a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result' (PMI, 2000:4) there are two key aspects to the concept of projects. These are 'temporary endeavour', indicating that there is a beginning and an end to it, and 'unique product, service or result' implying that day-to-day operations are not (part of) projects. The implication here is that the IR project is comprised of two aspects, those being the actual execution of the project and the daily operations involved in the fulfilling of the aforementioned goal. Project management is a broad area of study, involving multiple business aspects ranging from strategic decision making to human resource management and from stakeholder management to investment decisions. The first papers on project management techniques were not published until the 1950s (PMI, 2000). Most literature referred to large scale military, defence, IT, construction and R&D projects. Project management was defined as the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. Further, it provides one with the tools and strategies which are prerequisite for the successful management of projects (Mumford, 2000; Charvat, 2003). It has been identified by several management and organizational development scholars as integral to the efficient and effective management of large-scale organizations (Elonen and Artto, 2003; Meredith and Mantel, 2003; Thiry, 2004). In direct correlation to the proposed IR project, the above stated definition outlines the extent to which project management is ideally suited for the former's purposes. The IR project is both sizeable and complex, added to which, it is primarily driven by such developmental needs as which have identified the energisation of the country's tourism sector as integral to economic growth. Both the size of the project and the internationally competitive sector within which it is located highlight the necessities of utilising project management tools and strategies as a means of ensuring on-time and n-budget completion. 2.3 Programme Management Programme or project portfolio management may be defined as the coordinated management of grouped projects (Gray, 1997) for the purpose of maximising efficiency by prioritising projects, eliminating those that incur excessive risks and costs, and identifying those that best subscribe to organisational objectives (Meredith and Mante

Minority Shareholders Proprietary Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minority Shareholders Proprietary Rights - Essay Example As in the case of Gambotto in Australia, in a number of cases, the courts have taken cognizance to the fact that even if the plaintiff does not request for the two tests, the courts may and can subject the amendment to these tests and see to their fitment to the same. Failing which in either of the cases, the amendments may be nullified. The proprietary rights of the shareholders have to be upheld but not at the cost of the company according to the British Law, in contrast to the Australian perception of the matter. Exercising of the majority powers by the shareholders of a company is pretty rampant in the country. It is with utmost care and interest that the courts need to implement these laws so that the suppression of the shareholding minorities is protected and at the same time, the objectives of the company are not diluted. However, the point raised in the indicated quote is to ensure that the interest of both the minorities and that of the company should also be protected. In the name of protecting the interest of the minorities, the company should not be ending up as a loser in the game thereby, bringing down the interests of the rest of the shareholders of the company. In order to understand this, the idea of proprietary rights being protected has to be analyzed. Proprietary rights in most cases have been the ownership rights or the right to own. In cases related to owning land or building there had not been contentions on the proprietary rights of a person and what is offered to one person is same as the other one3. Whereas in the case of shareholder proprietary rights, the minority shareholders rights might be different from what the majority shareholder might have. The association of the company could be for one simple reason that of the company making more profits or as high a profit as is legitimately possible.

What Effect do Siblings have on Development Research Paper

What Effect do Siblings have on Development - Research Paper Example The younger one may not get the opportunity to express his feelings better than the older sibling and his thoughts may remain unexpressed. This paper tends to present a literature review regarding the role of siblings on development. Research Section Berger and Nuzzo studied in their research how older siblings influence the motor development of younger siblings. They interviewed parents of 51 sibling pairs to determine the onset of their children’s motor development. They found that in almost all the cases, it was evident that older siblings affected younger siblings’ motor development as the latter crawled and walked much sooner than their elder siblings had. In cases where older ones moved sooner, it was found that the parental resources were inadequate when the younger child was born which affected his motor development. I agree with Berger and Nuzzo because I have observed many children who come at number 2 or 3 in their sibling order and have learnt to move much s ooner than their older siblings. Reid, Stahl and Striano (2010) present a similar research in which they focus on motor development of children in or without the presence of older siblings. In their longitudinal research, infants of age 5-12 months were observed playing. The researchers used Mental Bayley Scale, coded the play in terms of the production of infant goal-directed actions, and concluded that â€Å"infants with siblings produced fewer goal-directed actions at 5 months than infants without older siblings, but at 12 months they produced relatively more goal-directed actions than infants without older siblings† (p.325). I agree with the idea that as the children grow older, they start imitating their elder siblings more and more. Downey (2001) presents a different research in which he talks about family size and its effect on children’s development. He suggests that as the family size increases, the parental resources and their time and energy all get distribu ted so much so that each child gets a little share and not enough. So, older siblings tend to lessen down the cognitive development due to which â€Å"children with few siblings score higher on tests of cognitive skills than children with many siblings† (Downey, 2001). However, I do not totally agree because I believe that parental attention is that kind of abstract source that cannot be lessened with each coming child in the family. Parents have the ability to increase their scope of energy and attention as they deal with more kids. Azmitia and Hesser (2008) studied how older siblings and older peers affect the cognitive development of younger siblings. They conducted a pottest in which younger children got instructions from their older siblings and peers. The researchers found that â€Å"siblings are unique agents of cognitive development† (p.430) and that the children who imitated and followed their elder siblings showed higher pottest scores that those who followed their peers. They also found the older siblings more happily offered their guidance than did the peers. I agree with this because it is natural for a sibling to help another sibling more than any outsider can do. There is a very important research by Begum and Blacher (2010) who studied the influence of gender, age and family

TARGET MARKET & COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TARGET MARKET & COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS - Essay Example A diverse set of customers visit the Geary St. Part of the reason is that there are many upscale shops like Louis Vuitton, Dior, Chanel, Michael Kor and Apple Store as well as many outlets like Forever 21, H&M, Zara, Gap, and Guess that keep medium ranged apparel and stocks. As a result of this people with high incomes, middle income groups as well as a lot of students visit this area. Since these people belong to different economic and psychographic groups, they want different food items and at different price points. The Cheesecake Factory has a numerous menu options including burgers, sandwiches, pastas, salads, side dishes, cheesecakes, specialty desserts, ice creams and creamy milkshakes. The restaurant also offers hot drinks, iced and frozen drinks and specialty drinks. Blended cocktails, bottled bears, champagne and sparkling wine are also served at the restaurant. This vast array of menu options has the potency to satiate the taste buds of a diverse guest base. With close to 200 items on its menu ranging from $11 to $30, the restaurant chain can cater to all shoppers across all income groups. The second value that shoppers seek is convenience. People who have been on a shopping spree are likely to seek convenient seating arrangement. Couples and families will like to spend quality time together. On the other hand, there would be some shoppers who are running against time. They want to have a quick snack and move on. The quick service and take-out facility available at The Cheesecake Factory will appeal to such customers. The choice of food may also vary depending on what time shoppers visit The Cheesecake Factory. The restaurant is open from 11: 00 am to 11: 00 pm from Monday through Thursday. It is also open from 10: 00 am to 11: 00 pm on Sunday. Thus shoppers can visit the restaurant anytime during these hours. They have the option of eating lunch or

Why people hate HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why people hate HR - Essay Example In this paper, I will provide a critical and argumentative analysis of this article to try and understand the author’s viewpoint. As such, his reasons for hating human resource activities within organizations will be explained in an argumentative manner, choosing to either validate or invalidate them with reasons. First, the author argues that the human resource departments in almost all organizations seek to hire individuals with passive independent thinking ability. Such people cannot stand for what they believe in and work towards ensuring they work for their values and beliefs, instead seeking to acts as puppets of the organization. It is for this reason that business scholars believe that top students from top colleges chose other fields as opposed to human resource management (Boudreau & Ramstad 245). They view the field as less challenging, less demanding and often a times the mouthpiece of the organization. Such a position is reflected in other different scholarly articles in which professionals argue that human resource departments are mouthpiece of the executives and top management in an organization. They formulate, implement, evaluate and policies and their powers while being under the strict direction of the executive (McLean 26). Human resource fields do not seek to raise the status of employees and thus improve their lives. They instead seek to bring in very bright and able managers to the organization but with the primary aim of making, they raise the standard of the organization. For human resource executives, it is what is best for the organization that is implemented and executed. The decision to train a certain group of individuals within an organization may not be guided by the aim to improve their skills but to bring in the knowledge that the organizations seeks in order to either gain technical or business knowledge. I agree with Hammonds (3) in his assertion that human resource management department plays no role in the

Hum M3 man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hum M3 man - Essay Example A close analysis of Burn’s arguments on human emotions reveals that humans are in full control of their emotions. Values are the judgment of a person on what is important and what is not important in life. They are simply the standards of someone’s behavior. Unlike humans whose values are acquired from world experiences, animal values are passed from parent to offspring as animals tend to emulate what their parents do. Meanings of values are carried in most streams of emotions. Further, comparison between emotions and values reveal that emotions of different types are apprehension of values with distinctness. From self-assessment 3.4 I have a moderate cognitive empathy. This is an implication of moderate perspective taking. From self-assessment 3.5 I recorded a high emotional empathy. This is to mean that I am emotionally touched by what happens to other people. Self-assessment 2.2 portrays me as someone of high medium importance based on my values. My mood scale on self-assessment 4.4 reveals high positive energy. Generally the self-assessments portray me as someone energetic and believing so much in myself. However, I also get moved by the experiences of

Why people hate HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why people hate HR - Essay Example In this paper, I will provide a critical and argumentative analysis of this article to try and understand the author’s viewpoint. As such, his reasons for hating human resource activities within organizations will be explained in an argumentative manner, choosing to either validate or invalidate them with reasons. First, the author argues that the human resource departments in almost all organizations seek to hire individuals with passive independent thinking ability. Such people cannot stand for what they believe in and work towards ensuring they work for their values and beliefs, instead seeking to acts as puppets of the organization. It is for this reason that business scholars believe that top students from top colleges chose other fields as opposed to human resource management (Boudreau & Ramstad 245). They view the field as less challenging, less demanding and often a times the mouthpiece of the organization. Such a position is reflected in other different scholarly articles in which professionals argue that human resource departments are mouthpiece of the executives and top management in an organization. They formulate, implement, evaluate and policies and their powers while being under the strict direction of the executive (McLean 26). Human resource fields do not seek to raise the status of employees and thus improve their lives. They instead seek to bring in very bright and able managers to the organization but with the primary aim of making, they raise the standard of the organization. For human resource executives, it is what is best for the organization that is implemented and executed. The decision to train a certain group of individuals within an organization may not be guided by the aim to improve their skills but to bring in the knowledge that the organizations seeks in order to either gain technical or business knowledge. I agree with Hammonds (3) in his assertion that human resource management department plays no role in the

Internal auditor in a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal auditor in a company - Essay Example Your organization must prioritize fixing the accounting flaws in the system because the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 has raised the accountability of executive managers. The company needs a professional assessment of its internal control deficiencies. The firm must hire an internal auditor as soon as possible to evaluate the firm’s accounting system and recommend corrective actions. â€Å"The Institute of Internal Auditors defines internal audit as an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations† (Menk). During the past decade the auditing field is growing in demand due to new regulations such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act which have raised the bar for accounting professionals. Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act mandates that all public companies establish internal control mechanisms and procedures† (Searchfinancialsecurity, 2011). These mechanisms must be tested on a recurrent basis fo r accuracy and effectiveness. The best person to put in charge of this task is an internal auditor. Due to the fact that the company must continue the internal auditing process year long it is cheaper for the company to hire an internal auditor full time than to outsource the work to another accounting firm.

Profit and Loss Essay Example for Free

Profit and Loss Essay Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is some eferred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The 100 Edition http://www. he100. co. uk moment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets t hat a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking at a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. 2. How solvent the business is. In other words, does it have enough assets that are short term, and hence easily converted into cash, to pay any pressing short-term liabilities. Case Example: A typical balance sheet will be set out in the following way (note that we use two columns. The first column is for minor calculations, the second column is for grand totals): Balance Sheet of Superior Traders, as at 31st December 2004 Fixed assets consist of those items that are kept within the business to create wealth over a period of time e. . machinery, equipment, vehicles, computers, etc. Current assets are used in the short period to generate income for a business. For example, in a manufacturing company like Kraft, stocks would represent products that have already been made and are waiting to be sold onto retailers. Typically stocks will be sold on credit for periods of one month, two months, or three months. Retailers buying s tocks on credit from Kraft would become Krafts debtors. At the end of the credit period they will pay up in the form of cash, enabling Kraft to buy more raw materials to create further stocks. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The 100 Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (PL account) One of the most important objectives of a business is to make a profit. The PL account shows the extent to which it has been successful in achieving this objective. Companies are expected to keep their PL accounts in certain formats. Typically the PL account will show the revenues received by a business and the costs involved in generating that revenue. In simple terms: Revenues Costs = Profits. A typical PL account will look like the following: Case Study: PL Account for Superior Traders as at 31/12/2004 You can find out the gross profit of a business by deducting cost of sales from turnover: ? 100,000 ? 50,000 = ? 0,000 You can find out the operating profit by deducting the expenses from the gross profit: ? 50,000 ? 30,000 = ? 20,000 You may also come across the term net profit. Operating profit is earned from carrying out a businesses normal operations e. g. producing confectionery, or selling Christmas cards. Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is sometimes referred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads cant be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owners capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition oment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets that a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owners or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owners capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking a t a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition.

Male Expectations Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Effects of Male Expectations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male expectations are ever present in our world creating an adverse effect on men making them feel inferior if they are unable to succeed financially. Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman explicitly shows just how harmful these expectations can be to a person and their families. The main character in the play Death of a Salesman Willy Loman is greatly affected by these male expectations. The man is expected to not only support his family but must also be able to climb to the top of the corporate ladder. Willy’s inability to succeed financially as expected from society in turn affects his two sons Biff and Happy and his loving wife Linda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s oldest son Biff is the most affected by his father’s failures. Biff is more affected by his father’s failure to his mother than his father’s financial failures. Biff’s whole life is ruined when he finds out that his father is cheating on his mother after all she has done for him. When Biff realizes that he has been idolizing a failure he is devestated. Biffs life begins to tumble downhill uncontrollably. Biff is so affected by is father’s wrongdoings that is creates never-ending animosity between Willy and Biff. Biff feels that the reason him and his father are always fighting is because â€Å"he’s a fake and he doesn’t like anybody around who knows!† (Miller 1221) Happy, Willy’s younger son, is also greatly affected by Willy’s antics. Happy is affected differently than Biff because Happy never realizes that his father is a failure. Happy is always competing for his father’s attention but is never able to steal the spotlight away from Biff. Throughout the play Happy defends his father and never admits to himself that his father is the main reason for his and his brother’s failures in life. A downfall of the Loman boys is their father’s ideas of how to be successful in life. Willy builds up his sons so much that they end up failing. Willy fills his sons with hot air because he himself is the failure and cannot imagine his sons being the same way. Because of everything his father has instilled in him, Biff is so sure that being popular and well liked is the key to success. This belief leads to him flunking out of school and not making anything of his life. Willy has convinced his children that the most important thing in life... ...s own life because of the ideas Willy had instilled in him his entire life. Willy’s failure not only affects him but also his family because now they are left without a father and a husband. The belief Biff would be unable to succeed without his father’s life insurance money is enough to drive Willy to committ suicide. Willy believed that in death he would be giving Biff twenty thousand dollars to help him become a success. Male expectations put too much pressure on men to be the most successful. If a man does not achieve â€Å"the ultimate goal† he is made to feel inferior and like a failure. We see that in Death of a Salesman when a man is unable to achieve ultimate success it can destroy one’s life and can drive a person to insanity and suicide. Works Cited Gill, M.S. â€Å"Boning Up.† Rolling Stone; 3/19/92 Issue 626, p62. Miller, Arthur. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Sander, Fred M. â€Å"Psychoanalysis, Drama, and the Family: The Ever-Widening Scope.† Annual of Psychoanalysis; 2001, Vol. 29, p279. Siegel, Lee. â€Å"Cultural Misconceptions.† New Republic; 08/02/99, Vol. 221 Issue 5, p18. Male Expectations Essay -- essays research papers fc The Effects of Male Expectations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male expectations are ever present in our world creating an adverse effect on men making them feel inferior if they are unable to succeed financially. Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman explicitly shows just how harmful these expectations can be to a person and their families. The main character in the play Death of a Salesman Willy Loman is greatly affected by these male expectations. The man is expected to not only support his family but must also be able to climb to the top of the corporate ladder. Willy’s inability to succeed financially as expected from society in turn affects his two sons Biff and Happy and his loving wife Linda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy’s oldest son Biff is the most affected by his father’s failures. Biff is more affected by his father’s failure to his mother than his father’s financial failures. Biff’s whole life is ruined when he finds out that his father is cheating on his mother after all she has done for him. When Biff realizes that he has been idolizing a failure he is devestated. Biffs life begins to tumble downhill uncontrollably. Biff is so affected by is father’s wrongdoings that is creates never-ending animosity between Willy and Biff. Biff feels that the reason him and his father are always fighting is because â€Å"he’s a fake and he doesn’t like anybody around who knows!† (Miller 1221) Happy, Willy’s younger son, is also greatly affected by Willy’s antics. Happy is affected differently than Biff because Happy never realizes that his father is a failure. Happy is always competing for his father’s attention but is never able to steal the spotlight away from Biff. Throughout the play Happy defends his father and never admits to himself that his father is the main reason for his and his brother’s failures in life. A downfall of the Loman boys is their father’s ideas of how to be successful in life. Willy builds up his sons so much that they end up failing. Willy fills his sons with hot air because he himself is the failure and cannot imagine his sons being the same way. Because of everything his father has instilled in him, Biff is so sure that being popular and well liked is the key to success. This belief leads to him flunking out of school and not making anything of his life. Willy has convinced his children that the most important thing in life... ...s own life because of the ideas Willy had instilled in him his entire life. Willy’s failure not only affects him but also his family because now they are left without a father and a husband. The belief Biff would be unable to succeed without his father’s life insurance money is enough to drive Willy to committ suicide. Willy believed that in death he would be giving Biff twenty thousand dollars to help him become a success. Male expectations put too much pressure on men to be the most successful. If a man does not achieve â€Å"the ultimate goal† he is made to feel inferior and like a failure. We see that in Death of a Salesman when a man is unable to achieve ultimate success it can destroy one’s life and can drive a person to insanity and suicide. Works Cited Gill, M.S. â€Å"Boning Up.† Rolling Stone; 3/19/92 Issue 626, p62. Miller, Arthur. Literature an Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Sander, Fred M. â€Å"Psychoanalysis, Drama, and the Family: The Ever-Widening Scope.† Annual of Psychoanalysis; 2001, Vol. 29, p279. Siegel, Lee. â€Å"Cultural Misconceptions.† New Republic; 08/02/99, Vol. 221 Issue 5, p18.

Controversies Over Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms Essay

Controversies Over Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms The role of technology in early childhood education is a controversial topic to both teachers and parents. The main concerns of both teachers and parents is the potential benefits for young children’s learning and development.. Supporters and non-supporters agree on the importance of young children’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical development. Supporters feel children should have the opportunity to use the computer as another tool to aide in and encourage their development. Non-supporters agree the computer may be a useful tool for young children but feel many teachers may not be using the computers in the best way to promote a healthy development in the child. They also contend that introducing the computer takes away from important learning experiences such as play and art (NWREL, 2001). School programs are now working on ways to better integrate computers into the classrooms in order to offer the young children the opportunities to develop the necessary skills to grow as students (Gimbert, 2004). The purpose of this research paper is to examine the controversies that surround technology use in early childhood classrooms. Introducing Technology into the Classroom Properly introducing technology into early childhood classrooms is the first and crucial step in producing a new and useful tool for students to use to enhance their learning. Many researchers do not recommend introducing computers to children young than three because they are not developmentally ready ((Haugland, 2000). It is useful to start off introducing a computer to young children in a group setting because it is general information all children need to know. The teacher may begi... ...about the different ways in which young children experience computers in the classroom setting. It included a study done of kindergarteners from about 22,000 different public and private schools and examined they availability of computers to these children. Romeo, G. (2003). Touching the screen: issues related to the use of touch screen technology in early childhood education. British journal of educational technology, 3, 329-339. In this Journal there was a study performed on early childhood students and their reaction to touch screen computers. The results were more negative rather than positive proving that it was more productive to use the mouse and keyboard for young children. Shade, D. (1999). Integrating technology into the early childhood classroom: the case of literacy learning. Information technology in Childhood Education Annual. 1999, 221-254.

Reality in Jean Genet’s ‘the Balcony’ Essay

Jean Genet’s Le Balcon (or The Balcony) is an absurdist play in which the main structure is the â€Å"philosophical battle between illusion and reality† (Savona 1983: 76) and this essay will investigate some of the levels of reality within an absurdist and existentialist context in Genet’s play. The play itself â€Å"offers a spectacularly theatrical exploration of the relationship between fantasy and reality† (Patterson 2005: 32) whilst also seeking â€Å"to negate reality itself† (Innes 2001: 438). Whilst also attempting to transform reality into a fantasy world in which its characters can escape the dismay of daily life, it is â€Å"also designed to be a moving play which†¦ keeps the audience aware that it is a play† they are watching and not allowing them to get lost in the world of illusion, fantasy and desire that the characters are trapped in (Reck 1962: 23). This echoes a technique used as part of Brecht’s Verfremdungseffekt, and by keeping the spectator at a critical distance, they become observers and thus can learn something about their own lives and the world in which they live. The play is set in Madame Irma’s Maison d’illusions (or house of illusions) which to the spectator is clearly a brothel, but not a brothel in the conventional sense. In the brothel, men of everyday walks of life (for example a plumber) act out sexual fantasies with the women that work there. Their sexual fantasies are by no means conventional either, for example the ‘clients’ of the brothel take on the personas of powerful men, namely a bishop, an executioner, a judge and a general. From the exposition of the play, it is unclear that the bishop isn’t actually a bishop as the costume, dialogue and action of the bishop are completely authentic aside from the fact that the powerful characters â€Å"tower over all the other actors as well as the audience† (McMahon 1963: 110). This is visually unrealistic and takes the spectator away from realism right from the onset, yet somehow draws them into this world of illusion. The sexual acts were intended by Genet to contain meaning and not to be realistic. They are merely projections, a series of images of man trapped in a hall of mirrors, not attempting to convey naturalism in the slightest (McMahon 1963: 176) and the characters’ â€Å"performance becomes reflections of reflections† (Innes 2001: 438). As Esslin states in his The Theatre of the Absurd, â€Å"there are no characters in the conventional sense†¦merely the images of basic urges and impulses† (Esslin 2001: 22). Image is of key importance in the play; it is everything â€Å"for the deeper one moves into images the less danger there will be of reality’s coming back to question the veracity of the images† (McMahon 1963: 162). One of the key themes of the play is the escape from reality, and as T. S Eliot wrote â€Å"human kind cannot bear much reality† (1964: 69), one of the fundamental messages Genet is trying to portray in his play. There is a strong sense of the actor merging with the character in The Balcony (Savona 1983: 86), or the character merging with the fantasy characters they attempt to portray in the brothel, or characters they so long to be, even for just an hour or so. This inauthentic relationship between reality and fantasy reflects human nature and life itself – we have all at some point aspired, or even wished that we could be someone else, someone with power or respect. However as McMahon suggests â€Å"there is no aspiration within the motivation of these people to be bishop, judge or general; the limit of their ambitions knows its range, and the cutting off point†¦is the thin line between pretence and reality† (1963: 160). The play takes a turn when the clients of the brothel are forced to take on the characters they are pretending to be for real. It is at this point that the illusion is destroyed and the men of everyday life no longer want the roles they are playing. For them, the roles are now too realistic and there is no escape from them – the relationship between reality and fantasy has become authentic. When the characters are acting out their roles in the real world, they are no longer comforted by their imagination; they are faced with the harsh reality of life, the one thing that they have sought to escape in the first place. This is reinforced by the fact the characters are reluctant to assist the chief of police and be â€Å"dragged from their dream world into the harshness and dangers of reality† (Thody 1970: 186-187). The revolution outside can be seen as a symbol of real life. â€Å"Were it not for the revolution, the various characters could continue to play their games in the enclosed a-historical atmosphere provided for them†¦but the revolution is there, and threatens at any moment to destroy their world of illusion completely† (Thody 1970: 179). During the play, various sounds of gunfire can be heard in the background of the scenes – A threat from the real world outside reminding the characters they have tried to escape life and whilst this may be successful for the hour they are in the brothel, real life is still going out outside. â€Å"Machine gun fire attempts to undermine the magic of illusion created and reflects Brecht’s distancing effect† (Savona 1983: 89). Once again Genet forces the spectator to remember that they are watching a play, but also when we all hide behind the facade of life, or try and escape reality, the real world is still very much at large in the background and we can’t ignore this! â€Å"The theme of illusion reaches its climax at the very end of the action, when Madame Irma comes to the front of the stage to remind the audience that they have, after all, only been watching a play† (Thody 1970: 185). The spectator is suddenly brought back to ‘the real word’ having witnessed actors playing characters, characters playing characters, characters playing people. The audience has taken the journey through Madam Irma’s ‘house of illusions’, and has been presented with a theatrical projection of humanity through many planes of reality. She tells the audience â€Å"you must now go home, where everything – you can be quite sure – will be falser than here†¦You must now go† (Genet 1966: 96). She has highlighted that as humans we have a tendency to hide behind the facade of life, to go along with what we are told and what we see, thus taking life for granted. We then think back to the characters in the play and realise how they are merely projections of ourselves. â€Å"Genet proclaims the illusion of reality and the reality of illusion† (Nelson 1963: 61). For the spectator and the characters â€Å"reality has become indiscernible from illusion† (Nelson 1963: 65) and the audience must ask themselves where does reality end and pretence begins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eliot, T. S. , Murder in the Cathedral (Fort Washington PA: Harvest Books, 1964) Esslin, Martin, The Theatre of the Absurd, 3rd Edition (London: Metheun, 2001). Genet, Jean, The Balcony (New York: Grove Press, 1966) Innes, Christopher, ‘Theatre After Two World Wars’, in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Theatre, ed. by John Russell Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 380-444. Macquarrie, John, Existentialism (Baltimore: Pelican Books, 1972) McMahon, Joseph H. , The Imagination of Jean Genet (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963) Nelson, Banjamin, ‘The Balcony and Parisian Existentialism’, The Tulane Drama Review, 7:3 (1963), 60-79. Oswald, Laura, Jean Genet and the Semiotics of Performance (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989) Patterson, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) Reck, Rima Drell, ‘Appearance and Reality in Genet’s Le Balcon’, The New Dramatists, 29:1 (1962), 20-25. Savona, Jeannette L. , Jean Genet (London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1983) Styan, J. L. , The English Stage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Thody, Philip, Jean Genet: A Study of His Novels and Plays (New York: Stein and Day, 1970).

ISO 9000 International Standard

ISO 9000IntroductionISOISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) is the universe ‘s largest developer and publishing house of International Standards. ISO is a web of the national criterions institutes of 159 states, one member per state, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organisation that forms a span between the public and private sectors. On the one manus, many of its member institutes are portion of the governmental construction of their states, or are mandated by their authorities. On the other manus, other members have their roots unambiguously in the private sector, holding been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the demands of concern and the broader demands of societyISO ‘s beginningsIn 1946, delegates from 25 states met in London and decided to make a new international organisation, of which the object would be â€Å" to ease the international coordination and fusion of industrial criterions † . The new organisation, ISO, officially began operations on 23 February 1947, in Geneva, Switzerland.ISO ‘s nameBecause â€Å" International Organization for Standardization † would hold different acronyms in different linguistic communications ( â€Å" IOS † in English, â€Å" OIN † in French for Organisation Internationale de standardization ) , its laminitiss decided to give it besides a short, general-purpose name. They chose â€Å" ISO † , derived from the Greek isos, intending â€Å" equal † . Whatever the state, whatever the linguistic communication, the short sign ifier of the organisation ‘s name is ever ISO.What â€Å" international standardisation † agenciesWhen the big bulk of merchandises or services in a peculiar concern or industry sector conform to International Standards, a province of industry-wide standardisation exists. The economic stakeholders concerned agree on specifications and standards to be applied systematically in the categorization of stuffs, in the industry and supply of merchandises, in proving and analysis, in nomenclature and in the proviso of services. In this manner, International Standards supply a mention model, or a common technological linguistic communication, between providers and their clients. This facilitates trade and the transportation of engineering.The ISO trade name? DemocraticEvery full member of ISO has the right to take portion in the development of any criterion which it Judgess to be of import to its state ‘s economic system. No affair what the size or strength of that economi c system, each take parting member in ISO has one ballot. Each state is on an equal terms to act upon the way of ISO ‘s work at the strategic degree, every bit good as the proficient content of its single criterions.? VoluntaryISO criterions are voluntary. As a non-governmental organisation, ISO has no legal authorization to implement the execution of its criterions. ISO does non modulate or pass. However, states may make up one's mind to follow ISO criterions – chiefly those concerned with wellness, safety or the environment – as ordinances or mention to them in statute law, for which they provide the proficient footing. In add-on, although ISO criterions are voluntary, they may go a market demand, as has happened in the instance of ISO 9001 quality direction systems, or of dimensions of cargo containers and bank cards. ISO itself does non modulate or pass.? Market-drivenISO merely develops criterions for which there is a market demand. The work is chiefly carried out by experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize.? ConsensusISO criterions are based on international consensus among the experts in the field. Consensus, like engineering, evolves and ISO takes account both of germinating engineering and of germinating involvements by necessitating a periodic reappraisal of its criterions at least every five old ages to make up one's mind whether they should be maintained, updated or withdrawn. In this manner, ISO criterions retain their place as the province of the art.? Globally relevantISO criterions are proficient understandings which provide the model for compatible engineering worldwide. They are designed to be globally relevant – utile everyplace in the universe. ISO criterions are utile everyplace in the universe.How ISO decides to develop a criterionISO launches the development of new criterions in response to the sectors that express a clearly established demand for them. An industry or concern sector communicates its demand for a criterion to one of ISO ‘s national members. The latter so proposes the new work point to ISO as a whole. If accepted, the work point is assigned to an bing proficient commission. Proposals may besides be made to put up proficient commissions to cover new Scopess of activity. At the terminal of 2006, there were 3 041 proficient organic structures in the ISO system, including 193 ISO proficient commissions. The focal point of the proficient commissions is specialised and specific. In add-on, ISO has three general policy development commissions that provide strategic counsel for the criterions ‘ development work on cross-sector facets. These commissions guarantee that the specific proficient work is aligned with broader market and stakeholder groupWho develops ISO criterionsISO criterions are developed by proficient commissions consisting experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize. These experts may be joined by representatives of authorities bureaus, proving research labs, consumer associations, non-governmental organisations and academic circles. The experts participate as national deputations, chosen by the ISO national member institute for the state concerned. These deputations are required to stand for non merely the positions of the organisations in which their participating experts work, but of other stakeholders excessively. Harmonizing to ISO regulations, the member institute is expected to take history of the positions of the scope of parties interested in the criterion under development. This enables them to show a amalgamate, national consensus place to the proficient commission.How ISO criterions are developedThe national deputations of experts of a proficient commission meet to discourse, argument and argue until they reach consensus on a bill of exchange understanding. This is circulated as a Draft International Standard ( DIS ) to ISO ‘s rank as a whole for remark and vote. Many members have public reappraisal processs for doing draft criterions known and available to interested parties and to the general populace. The ISO members so take history of any feedback they receive in explicating their place on the bill of exchange criterion. If the vote is in favor, the papers, with eventual alterations, is circulated to the ISO members as a Final Draft International Standard ( FDIS ) . If that ballot is positive, the papers is so published as an International Standard. Every working twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth, an norm of eight ISO meetings is taking topographic point someplace in the universe. In between meetings, the experts continue the criterions ‘ development work by correspondence. Increasingly, their contacts are made by electronic agencies, some ISO proficient organic structures have already gone over wholly to working electronically, which speeds up the development of criterions, and cuts travel costs.ISO criterions: make the development, fabrication and supply of merchandises and services more efficient, safer and cleaner facilitate trade between states and do it fairer provide authoritiess with a proficient base for wellness, safety and environmental statute law, and conformance appraisal portion technological progresss and good direction pattern disseminate invention safeguard consumers, and users in general, of merchandises and services make life simpler by supplying solutions to common jobsHow the ISO system is financedISO ‘s national members pay subscriptions that meet the operational cost of ISO ‘s Central Secretariat. The subscription paid by each member is in proportion to the state ‘s Gross National Income and trade figures. Another beginning of gross is the sale of criterions. However, the operations of ISO Central Secretariat represent merely about one fifth of the cost of the system ‘s operation. The chief costs are borne by the member organic structures that manage the specific criterions development undertakings and the concern organisations that provide experts to take part in the proficient work. These organisations are, in consequence, subsidising the proficient work by paying the travel costs of the experts and leting them clip to work on their ISO assignments.The range of ISO ‘s workISO has more than 17500 International Standards and other types of normative paperss in its current portfolio. ISO ‘s work programme ranges from criterions for traditional activities, such as agribusiness and building, through mechanical technology, fabrication and distribution, to transport, medical devices, information and communicating engineerings, and to criterions for good direction pattern and for services.Who can fall in ISOMembership of ISO i s unfastened to national criterions institutes most representative of standardisation in their state ( one member in each state ) . †¢ Full members, known as member organic structures, each have one ballot, whatever the size or strength of the economic system of the state concerned. †¢ Correspondent members pay reduced rank fees. They are entitled to take part in any policy or proficient organic structure as perceivers, with no vote rights. †¢ Subscriber members besides pay reduced rank fees. They are institutes from states with really little economic systems that however wish to keep contact with international standardisation. †¢ Although persons or endeavors are non eligible for rank, both have a scope of chances for taking portion in ISO ‘s work: †¢ Persons may be selected by national member institutes to function as experts on national deputations take parting in ISO proficient commissions †¢ Persons and endeavors may supply their input during the procedure of developing a national consensus for presentation by the deputation. This may done through national mirror commissions to the corresponding ISO proficient commission †¢ International organisations and associations, both non-governmental and stand foring industry sectors, can use for affair position to a proficient commission. They do non vote, but can take part in the arguments and the development of consensus.Standards benefitISO criterions supply technological, economic and social benefits. For concerns, the widespread acceptance of International Standards means that providers can develop and offer merchandises and services meeting specifications that have broad international credence in their sectors. Therefore, concerns utilizing International Standards can vie on many more markets around the universe. For pioneers of new engineerings, International Standards on facets like nomenclature, compatibility and safety velocity up the airing of inventions and their development into manufacturable and marketable merchandises. For clients, the world-wide compatibility of engineering which is achieved when merchandises and services are based on International Standards gives them a wide pick of offers. They besides benefit from the effects of competition among providers. For authoritiess, International Standards supply the technological and scientific bases underpinning wellness, safety and environmental statute law. For trade functionaries, International Standards make â€Å" a flat playing field † for all rivals on those markets. The being of divergent national or regional criterions can make proficient barriers to merchandise. International Standards are the proficient agencies by which political trade understandings can be put into pattern. For developing states, International Standards that represent an international consensus on the province of the art are an of import beginning of technological know-how. By specifying the features that merchandises and services will be expected to run into on export markets, International Standards give developing states a footing for doing the right determinations when puting their scarce resources and therefore avoid wasting them. For consumers, conformance of merchandises and services to International Standards provides confidence about their quality, safety and dependability. For everyone, International Standards contribute to the quality of life in general by guaranting that the conveyance, machinery and tools we use are safe. For the planet we inhabit, International Standards on air, H2O and dirt quality, on emanations of gases and radiation and environmental facets of merchandises can lend to attempts to continue the environment.ISO 9000In 1987, the international Standard Organization ( ISO ) published its first criterion on ‘Quality system ‘ ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9002. At the same, clip the European version of choice criterion EN 2900i, EN 29002. Furthermore, EN 29003 were published and British criterion BS 5750 ( portion 1, 2, 3 ) were updated and aligned with their tantamount foreign opposite number. All three criterions are indistinguishable. They were basically fabricating criterion are shortly came to be applied to services every bit good as possible misunderstandings of merchandises, but the 1994 criterion has resolved some of those troubles by redefining the merchandises.The construction of the ISO 9000 criterion: The household of ISO 9000 criterions has been developed by ISO and it is made up of four nucleus criterions:a ) ISO 9000:2000 – Fundamentalss and Vocabulary B ) ISO 9001:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements degree Celsius ) ISO 9004:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Guidelines for public presentation betterments vitamin D ) ISO 9011: 2002 – Guidelines for quality and/or environmental direction systems scrutinizing The ISO 9000 series of Standard consist of two wide classs of criterions and auxiliary counsel criterions Core criterion: are standard in meant for internal usage by organisation and provides counsel in planing and implementing a quality system so that they can run into their market demands and accomplish overall success.Component of ISO 9000:1. Management Responsibility. Management sets the company quality policy and implements it by supplying resources, forces and preparation. 2. Quality System. A Quality System comprised of a Quality Manual and back uping processs is created and maintained. 3. Contract Review. Contracts reflect the clients ‘ demands and outlooks. Products and services provided must follow with those demands. 4. Design Control. Engineering drawings and design alterations are carefully documented to guarantee that alterations have been to the full coordinated and approved internally, and when appropriate, by the client. 5. Document Control. The creative activity and alteration of paperss back uping the Quality System is purely controlled by ISO 9001 processs. 6. Buying. Buying processs describe supplier demands and the system for guaranting conformity to these criterions. 7. Handling of Purchaser Supplied Product. Procedures detail methods of managing and guardianship of merchandise supplied by the client. 8. Merchandise Identification and Traceability. Methods of tracking day of the month and batch codifications of merchandise and natural stuffs from start to complete warrant traceability. 9. Procedure Control. Work instructions, quality programs and craft criterions verify that each occupation is being done right. 10. Inspection and Testing. Inspection and proving at having, in-process and concluding review countries ensures quality. Test and review records are preserved as portion of the quality system. 11. Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment. Instruments and measurement tools are calibrated on a regular basis and records maintained. 12. Inspection and Test Status. Merely inspected stuffs may be used or processed farther. Inspected merchandise is ever identified. 13. Control of Nonconforming Product. Materials or merchandises that fail to run into specifications are rejected and separated from normal production. Merely the proper governments may make up one's mind if rejected stuff will be used as is, reworked or returned to the provider. 14. Corrective Action. The disciplinary action system focuses on placing the root cause of quality concerns and any disciplinary action required. 15. Handling, Storage, Packaging and Delivery. Procedures outline patterns that protect merchandises from harm during fabrication and transportation. 16. Quality Records. Quality records provide an audit trail for internal and external hearers. 17. Internal Quality Audits. Specially trained squads verify that the Quality System is working by measuring the same 20 elements required by the external hearers, on an ongoing footing. 18. Training. Training records are maintained for every employee demoing their degrees of expertness. 19. Servicing. Where service is specified in the contract, processs are established to verify that serving meets the indicated demands. 20. Statistical Techniques. Control charts, graphs and other methods of analysis determine how good a procedure is working and facilitate uninterrupted betterment.Stairss in ISO 9000 enrollment1. select the appropriate criterion from ISO 90001, 9002, 9003 utilizing guidelines in 9000 2. prepare quality manual to cover all component of selected theoretical account 3. Develop proper process and store floor direction which may be necessary for the execution of the quality system. 4. behavior ego audit to look into conformity of selected theoretical account 5. select the registry and use for enfranchisement and enrollmentQuality certificationFirst grade: quality manualManual may be organized harmonizing to ISO criterion it is general in nature and centrist in length which summarizes the whole quality system in one papers. it is written in policy degree and acts as an overview in quality system. It defines the policies, aims, organisation constructions and general quality patterns of the company.Second grade: processEach process consists of the aim of the aim and description of the activity. the process describes what is to be done and by whom. And how, when, why and where the activity is to be carried out. At the process flat measure by measure direction for executing activities are non included.Third grade: directionIt consists of measure by measure direction that must be followed in order to acquire the peculiar occupation done. These direct the worker in a individual activity and subsidiary papers to procedure. Such direction may be needed for specific undertakings procedures, operation, Trials and review etc.Forth grade: signifiers and recordsIt includes files, specification, codification of patterns, checklists, proficient and legal papers and other signifier to recode informations. All certification of record which demonstrates conformity of quality system demand comes under this grade.Quality confidence theoretical accounts of ISO 90001. ISO 9001 theoretical account for quality confidence in design, development, production, installing and service. When conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the assorted phases. It consist of 20 elements 2. ISO 9002 theoretical account for quality and confidence in production, installing and service. It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the production and installing it consist of 18 elements. 3. ISO 9003 theoretical account for quality confidence in concluding review and trial. . It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider entirely at concluding review and trial it consist of 12 elements. Advantages of ISO 9000 o entree to universe market o competitory advantage o confident of client o image of company O higher productiveness o client satisfaction o human resource development o occupation satisfaction and work engagement and high lesson The impact of just-in-time execution and ISO 9000 enfranchisement on entire quality direction In this paper, we examine the impact of just-in-time ( JIT ) execution and International Standards Organization ( ISO ) 9000 enfranchisement ( as specified by the original criterions of the early 1990s ) on quality direction attempts of fabrication houses. Reacting houses in the survey were grouped into four classs based on their ISO 9000 and JIT orientation: 1 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified but have non implemented JIT ( ISO houses ) ; 2 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified and have implemented JIT ( ISO-JIT houses ) ; 3 ) houses that have implemented JIT but are non ISO 9000 certified ( JIT houses ) ; and 4 ) houses that have non implemented JIT and are non ISO 9000 certified ( traditional houses ) . These groups were compared along 13 plant-level entire quality direction ( TQM ) execution elements and five TQM result steps utilizing MANCOVA process. Analysiss resulted in distinguishable sets of houses reflecting the impact of the ISO-JIT orientation on its TQM execution and TQM results. Result support the eventuality position that a house ‘s ability to implement effectual TQM patterns is enhanced: 1 ) marginally by ISO 9000 attempts ; 2 ) significantly by JIT execution ; and 3 ) most by conjoined ISO-JIT attempts ( though non much more significantly than JIT execution entirely ) . These penetrations have important practical deductions for houses puting in JIT execution, ISO 9000 enfranchisement, and TQM execution. Interestingly, our survey conducted in mid-1990s and its empirical findings lend a strong support for the recent transmutation of the original ISO 9000 demands into the current ISO 9001:2000 model.Quality vs. CertificationA common unfavorable judgment of ISO 9001 is the sum of money, clip and paperwork required for enrollment. Many claim that it is merely for certification. Advocates believe that if a company has documented its quality systems, so most of the paperwork has already been completed.† Many believe that, ISO 9001 promotes specification, control, and procedures instead than understanding and betterment. Few argue that ISO 9000 is effectual as a guideline, but that advancing it as a standard â€Å" helps to misdirect companies into believing that enfranchisement means better quality, [ sabotaging ] the demand for an organisation to put its ain quality criterions. † Paraphrased, Wade ‘s statement is that trust on the specifications of ISO 9001 does non vouch a successful quality system. The criterion is seen as particularly prone to failure when a company is interested in enfranchisement before quality. Certifications are in fact frequently based on client contractual demands instead than a desire to really better quality. â€Å" If you merely want the certification on the wall, opportunities are, you will make a paper system that does n't hold much to make with the manner you really run your concern, † said ISO ‘s Roger Frost. Certification by an independent hearer is frequently seen as the job country, and harmonizing to Barnes, â€Å" has become a vehicle to increase consulting services. † In fact, ISO itself advises that ISO 9001 can be implemented without enfranchisement, merely for the quality benefits that can be achieved. Another job reported is the competition among the legion certifying organic structures, taking to a softer attack to the defects noticed in the operation of the Quality System of a house. Abrahamson argued that stylish direction discourse such as Quality Circles tends to follow a lifecycle in the signifier of a bell curve, perchance bespeaking a direction craze.REFRENCES1. www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm 2. www.bis.org.in/cert/faqmscd.htm 3. www.bsi-emea.com/quality/overview/whatisiso9000.xalter 4. www.iso9000conference.com/